The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates
Ehmann Peter J.,
Brush Christopher J.,
Bozzini Brittany,
Dowden Robert A.,
Ogilvie Anna,
Wisniewski Paul J.,
Bernard Laura P.,
Merrill Gary F.
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
11-18
Received:
8 October 2019
Accepted:
6 November 2019
Published:
17 November 2019
Abstract: Rutgers University juniors and seniors enrolled in Systems Physiology Laboratory (01:146:356) Spring, 2019. One-hundred forty-five students volunteered to test the effects of salt and water loading on kidney function. Students were investigated beginning at 8:40 a.m., 1:40 p.m., and 6:40 p.m. They were approximately evenly distributed between male and female genders and were of multiple cultural/ethnic backgrounds. Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. Approximately half of the volunteers then consumed 200 mL of a 2.0% NaCl solution (n=77). The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water (n=68). Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water. Kidney function was monitored each 30 minutes for the next 90 minutes. Under baseline conditions, urine osmolality was elevated in all students (≥ 280 mOsm/kg) but was significantly (P<0.05) greater in the 8:40 a.m. group than in either of the p.m. groups. Urine specific gravity and sodium excretion were also elevated in the 8:40 a.m. group compared to the others. Urine flow rate was least in the 8:40 group and greatest in the 1:40 p.m. group. We conclude that in these students renal function was influenced by a diurnal pattern. We also conclude that without compelling incentives (e.g. financial, grade-influencing) it was virtually impossible to get students to comply with pre-experimental instructions (e.g. no salt-laden meals after 6:00 p.m. before the day of experimentation).
Abstract: Rutgers University juniors and seniors enrolled in Systems Physiology Laboratory (01:146:356) Spring, 2019. One-hundred forty-five students volunteered to test the effects of salt and water loading on kidney function. Students were investigated beginning at 8:40 a.m., 1:40 p.m., and 6:40 p.m. They were approximately evenly distributed between male ...
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Possible Method of Memorizing Tonal Sound Signal Frequency in the Human Auditory System
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, December 2019
Pages:
19-27
Received:
18 December 2019
Accepted:
15 January 2020
Published:
14 February 2020
Abstract: The book "Das Ohr als Nachrichten Empfänger" by Zwicker and Feldkeller was published in 1967. It four experiments researching into the study of human acoustic sensation in the perception of a tonal sound signal. Comprehensive analysis of their results allows us to understand that the auditory system remembers information regarding the frequency of sound on the basis of on the principle of place. According to their biophysical characteristics the complex of elements Inner Hair Cells-Basilar membrane-Outer Hair Cells (OHC-BM-IHC) is a series connection of parallel resonant circuits. During the process of perceiving a tonal sound signal, the greatest amplitude of the transverse oscillations of the BM of the cochlea is observed at that point of the basilar membrane where the signal frequency is closest to the resonance frequency of the contour. The auditory system stores information about the frequency of the sound through the sequence number of the IHC, located in the middle of the general group of cells with an elevated receptor potential (RP). The projection of IHC can be considered as a measuring scale with digitized points. Neurons with excitatory and inhibitory inputs function as logic chips in a computer. The neural network stores information about the audible pitch as a number in binary code in a group of ordered memory neurons. The understanding of main principles of functioning of human auditory system is necessary for improvement of quality of speech perception through Cochlear Implant.
Abstract: The book "Das Ohr als Nachrichten Empfänger" by Zwicker and Feldkeller was published in 1967. It four experiments researching into the study of human acoustic sensation in the perception of a tonal sound signal. Comprehensive analysis of their results allows us to understand that the auditory system remembers information regarding the frequency of ...
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